CorkonomicsThe economics of wine production, collection, and vineyards
Angka-angkanya
Lahan kebun anggur · Pauillac≈$2,798,250 satu hektare▼ turun 17% on 20232024Harga pembukaan · Château Lafite Rothschild 2025≈$376 sebotol▲ naik 17% dari tahun sebelumnyaTerjual di lelang · Romanée-Conti Grand Cru, DRC 2019$22,917 sebotolSotheby's, Sep 2026Biaya membuat satu botol · Burgundy grand cru (Pinot Noir)$48–283Bea masuk AS untuk anggur dari · Canada+50%sejak Aug 2026Botol sehari-hari di toko AS$13.77 satu liter▼ turun 1.3% dalam setahunSep 2026Lahan kebun anggur · Margaux≈$1,567,020 satu hektare▼ turun 7% on 20232024Harga pembukaan · Château Cheval Blanc 2025≈$376 sebotol▲ naik 22% dari tahun sebelumnyaTerjual di lelang · La Tâche Grand Cru, DRC 2018$5,417 sebotolSotheby's, Sep 2026Biaya membuat satu botol · Champagne prestige cuvée$26–89Bea masuk AS untuk anggur dari · Australia+12.5%sejak Jul 2026Lahan kebun anggur · Côte-Rôtie≈$1,511,055 satu hektare▲ naik 8% on 20232024Harga pembukaan · Château Mouton Rothschild 2025≈$336 sebotol▲ naik 19% dari tahun sebelumnyaTerjual di lelang · Richebourg Grand Cru, DRC 2012$3,542 sebotolSotheby's, Sep 2026Biaya membuat satu botol · Bordeaux classified growth (2nd–5th)$17–61Bea masuk AS untuk anggur dari · New Zealand+12.5%sejak Jul 2026Lahan kebun anggur · Côte de Nuits grand cru≈$7,275,450 satu hektare2019Harga pembukaan · Château Palmer 2025≈$268 sebotol▼ turun 19% dari tahun sebelumnyaLahan kebun anggur · Pomerol≈$2,238,600 satu hektare2023
Corkonomics
PelajariAnggurWilayahWinesBerita
Dasar-dasar wineLima jenis wineCara mencicipi wineCara membaca label wineWine dengan makananKata-kata anggur
Learn the economicsThe economics of wine productionThe economics of wine collectingCourses
Wilayah
BordeauxBurgundyChampagneRhôneNapa ValleyTuscanyPiedmontMoselOregonRiojaCalifornia sparklingValais and LavauxEnglandDouroEtnaMendozaMarlboroughStellenboschBarossa ValleyTasmaniaBeaujolaisJuraAlsaceLoireProvenceRibera del DueroSonoma
Harga lahanTahun baik dan tahun burukAppellationKebun anggur terkenal
Wines
Wine terkenalSiapa yang membuatnyaTemukan vintageBandingkan wine
HargaBiaya produksi satu botolBerapa harga lahan kebun anggurHarga beli anggurApa yang ditambahkan perbatasanMengapa wine berharga seperti ituHarga rilisHasil lelangTarifIkhtisar pasarWine dalam statistik resmiEkonomi kebun anggurRiset
LagiTanya DataAgen AITersimpanAPITentang kamiMetodologiKontak
Mode gelap
Bahasa
Currency
Pengaturan
Mode gelap
Bahasa
Currency

Baru mengenal wine? Mulai dengan pelajaran singkatnya, lalu cari tahu kata apa pun yang belum kamu kenal.

Pelajari · Kata-kata anggur · Halaman tersimpan

Petrus 1990

1990 adalah tahun yang luar biasa di Bordeaux: hampir tidak bisa lebih baik dari ini.

Simpan · Semua vintage dari Petrus · Bandingkan

Petrus, Pomerol
Giogo · Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 4.0

Apa yang bisa diharapkan

Harapkan anggur yang kaya dan lengkap, yang bisa terus berkembang selama beberapa dekade.

Tidak ada tahun panen yang dinilai lebih tinggi untuk anggur ini. Nilai tertinggi ini dibagikan bersama 5 anggur lain dari 30 yang kami bahas.

Segelas anggur merah pekat dan semangkuk plum di atas meja dapur, dengan tanaman anggur tua di luar jendela
Tahunnya
Luar biasa
Terakhir terjual di lelang dengan harga
≈$3,504sebotol · Christie's, Jun 2026
Seberapa sulit ditemukan
Langka36 tahun lalu

Vintase lain dari anggur ini

Satu kotak untuk setiap tahun. Semakin gelap kotaknya, semakin baik cuaca untuk grape di tahun itu. Ketuk satu tahun untuk membacanya.

202320222021202020192018201720162015201420132012201120102009200820072006200520042003200220012000199919981997199619951994
Luar biasaSangat baikBaik sekaliBaikBeragamSulit

Berapa harga jual botolnya

Di lelang, botol standar dari tahun panen ini telah terjual antara ≈$2,920 dan ≈$7,301 per botol, dari 55 transaksi sejak June 2021.

Setiap penjualan yang tercatat80 lot, masing-masing terhubung ke rumah lelang
$2,000$4,000$6,000$8,00020222023202420252026HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2021-06-07 · $3,823HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2022-04-12 · $7,301HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2022-04-13 · $4,646HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2022-04-13 · $5,044HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2022-05-20 · $5,044HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2022-05-22 · $4,646HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2022-09-19 · $4,513HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2022-11-24 · $4,248HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2022-11-24 · $4,646HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2022-11-24 · $4,646HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2022-11-24 · $4,646HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2023-03-22 · $3,982HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2023-05-23 · $3,823HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2023-10-03 · $4,141HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2023-11-23 · $3,584HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2023-12-06 · $3,451HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2024-10-25 · $2,920HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2024-10-25 · $3,451HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2024-12-04 · $3,451HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2025-04-23 · $3,982HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2025-05-21 · $3,451HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2025-05-21 · $3,504HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2025-05-21 · $3,982HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2025-05-21 · $4,248HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2025-05-21 · $4,248HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2025-05-21 · $4,248HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2025-05-21 · $4,248HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2025-07-28 · $3,451HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2025-07-28 · $3,451HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2025-10-26 · $3,026HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2025-10-26 · $3,823HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2025-11-20 · $3,186HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2025-11-20 · $3,186HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2025-11-20 · $3,186HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2025-11-20 · $3,186HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2025-11-20 · $3,186HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2025-11-20 · $3,186HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2025-11-20 · $3,186HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2025-11-20 · $3,451HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2025-11-20 · $3,451HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2025-11-20 · $3,451HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2025-11-20 · $3,451HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2025-11-20 · $3,475HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2025-11-20 · $3,584HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2026-03-16 · $3,186HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2026-05-21 · $3,540HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2026-05-21 · $3,717HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2026-05-21 · $3,982HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2026-05-21 · $3,982HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2026-05-21 · $3,982HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2026-05-21 · $4,141HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2026-05-21 · $4,380HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2026-05-21 · $4,646HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2026-05-21 · $5,044HKD per 75 cl bottle · 2026-06-22 · $3,504USD per bottle: lot price ÷ bottles in the lotSale date55 lots of 75 cl bottles sold in USD at Christie's · prices as published by each house · ≈ converted to USD at the 9 Oct 2026 rate
Tanggal penjualanRumah dan penjualanFormatHarga lotPer botol
Jun 2026Christie'sThe Opulent Cellar: Online (sale 24463) · Hong Kong · lot 1051 × 75 cl≈$3,504≈$3,504
May 2026Christie'sICONIC WINES FROM JOSEPH LAU PART V THE FINAL PART (sale 24462) · Hong Kong · lot 504212 × 75 cl≈$47,785≈$3,982
May 2026Christie'sICONIC WINES FROM JOSEPH LAU PART V THE FINAL PART (sale 24462) · Hong Kong · lot 504112 × 75 cl≈$47,785≈$3,982
May 2026Christie'sICONIC WINES FROM JOSEPH LAU PART V THE FINAL PART (sale 24462) · Hong Kong · lot 504012 × 75 cl≈$47,785≈$3,982
May 2026Christie'sICONIC WINES FROM JOSEPH LAU PART V THE FINAL PART (sale 24462) · Hong Kong · lot 503912 × 75 cl≈$55,750≈$4,646
May 2026Christie'sICONIC WINES FROM JOSEPH LAU PART V THE FINAL PART (sale 24462) · Hong Kong · lot 503812 × 75 cl≈$44,600≈$3,717
May 2026Christie'sICONIC WINES FROM JOSEPH LAU PART V THE FINAL PART (sale 24462) · Hong Kong · lot 50379 × 75 cl≈$31,857≈$3,540
May 2026Christie'sICONIC WINES FROM JOSEPH LAU PART V THE FINAL PART (sale 24462) · Hong Kong · lot 50365 × 75 cl≈$20,707≈$4,141
May 2026Christie'sICONIC WINES FROM JOSEPH LAU PART V THE FINAL PART (sale 24462) · Hong Kong · lot 50354 × 75 cl≈$17,521≈$4,380
May 2026Christie'sICONIC WINES FROM JOSEPH LAU PART V THE FINAL PART (sale 24462) · Hong Kong · lot 50343 × 75 cl≈$15,132≈$5,044
May 2026Christie'sFinal Treasures from the Wine Cellar of Andrew Lloyd Webber (sale 24806) · London · lot 12411 × 75 cl≈$36,380≈$3,307
Apr 2026Christie'sFine and Rare Wines and Spirits, Featuring Property from the Cellars of King's College, Cambridge (sale 24533) · London · lot 3931 × 75 cl≈$3,969≈$3,969
Mar 2026Christie'sFine and Rare Wines & Spirits Online: Hong Kong Edition (sale 24459) · Hong Kong · lot 4832 × 75 cl≈$6,371≈$3,186
Nov 2025Christie'sICONIC WINES FROM JOSEPH LAU PART IV (sale 23981) · Hong Kong · lot 50621 × 300 cl≈$18,318≈$18,318
Nov 2025Christie'sICONIC WINES FROM JOSEPH LAU PART IV (sale 23981) · Hong Kong · lot 506112 × 75 cl≈$41,414≈$3,451
Nov 2025Christie'sICONIC WINES FROM JOSEPH LAU PART IV (sale 23981) · Hong Kong · lot 506012 × 75 cl≈$38,228≈$3,186
Nov 2025Christie'sICONIC WINES FROM JOSEPH LAU PART IV (sale 23981) · Hong Kong · lot 505912 × 75 cl≈$38,228≈$3,186
Nov 2025Christie'sICONIC WINES FROM JOSEPH LAU PART IV (sale 23981) · Hong Kong · lot 505811 × 75 cl≈$38,228≈$3,475
Nov 2025Christie'sICONIC WINES FROM JOSEPH LAU PART IV (sale 23981) · Hong Kong · lot 505710 × 75 cl≈$31,857≈$3,186
Nov 2025Christie'sICONIC WINES FROM JOSEPH LAU PART IV (sale 23981) · Hong Kong · lot 50567 × 75 cl≈$22,300≈$3,186
Nov 2025Christie'sICONIC WINES FROM JOSEPH LAU PART IV (sale 23981) · Hong Kong · lot 50556 × 75 cl≈$19,114≈$3,186
Nov 2025Christie'sICONIC WINES FROM JOSEPH LAU PART IV (sale 23981) · Hong Kong · lot 50546 × 75 cl≈$19,114≈$3,186
Nov 2025Christie'sICONIC WINES FROM JOSEPH LAU PART IV (sale 23981) · Hong Kong · lot 50536 × 75 cl≈$20,707≈$3,451
Nov 2025Christie'sICONIC WINES FROM JOSEPH LAU PART IV (sale 23981) · Hong Kong · lot 50523 × 75 cl≈$10,353≈$3,451
Nov 2025Christie'sICONIC WINES FROM JOSEPH LAU PART IV (sale 23981) · Hong Kong · lot 50513 × 75 cl≈$9,557≈$3,186
Nov 2025Christie'sICONIC WINES FROM JOSEPH LAU PART IV (sale 23981) · Hong Kong · lot 50503 × 75 cl≈$10,353≈$3,451
Nov 2025Christie'sICONIC WINES FROM JOSEPH LAU PART IV (sale 23981) · Hong Kong · lot 50492 × 75 cl≈$7,168≈$3,584
Nov 2025Christie'sFine and Rare Wines Online Featuring The Sierra Cellar (sale 23961) · Los Angeles · lot 712 × 75 cl$7,500$3,750
Oct 2025Christie'sFine and Rare Wines & Spirits Online: Hong Kong Edition (sale 23826) · Hong Kong · lot 4121 × 75 cl≈$3,026≈$3,026
Oct 2025Christie'sFine and Rare Wines & Spirits Online: Hong Kong Edition (sale 23826) · Hong Kong · lot 4410 × 75 cl≈$38,228≈$3,823
Jul 2025Christie'sFine and Rare Wines Online: Hong Kong Edition Featuring The Cellar of a Meticulous Wine Lover Part II (sale 23908) · Hong Kong · lot 68612 × 75 cl≈$41,414≈$3,451
Jul 2025Christie'sFine and Rare Wines Online: Hong Kong Edition Featuring The Cellar of a Meticulous Wine Lover Part II (sale 23908) · Hong Kong · lot 68512 × 75 cl≈$41,414≈$3,451
Jun 2025Christie'sThe Cellar of William I. Koch: The Great American Collector Day III (sale 24202) · New York · lot 11156 × 150 cl$47,500$7,917
Jun 2025Christie'sThe Cellar of William I. Koch: The Great American Collector Day III (sale 24202) · New York · lot 11144 × 150 cl$43,750$10,938
Jun 2025Christie'sThe Cellar of William I. Koch: The Great American Collector Day III (sale 24202) · New York · lot 11136 × 75 cl$30,000$5,000
Jun 2025Christie'sThe Cellar of William I. Koch: The Great American Collector Day III (sale 24202) · New York · lot 11126 × 75 cl$22,500$3,750
May 2025Christie'sICONIC WINES FROM JOSEPH LAU PART III (sale 23980) · Hong Kong · lot 5712 × 75 cl≈$50,971≈$4,248
May 2025Christie'sICONIC WINES FROM JOSEPH LAU PART III (sale 23980) · Hong Kong · lot 5612 × 75 cl≈$47,785≈$3,982
May 2025Christie'sICONIC WINES FROM JOSEPH LAU PART III (sale 23980) · Hong Kong · lot 5512 × 75 cl≈$50,971≈$4,248
May 2025Christie'sICONIC WINES FROM JOSEPH LAU PART III (sale 23980) · Hong Kong · lot 5412 × 75 cl≈$41,414≈$3,451
May 2025Christie'sICONIC WINES FROM JOSEPH LAU PART III (sale 23980) · Hong Kong · lot 5312 × 75 cl≈$50,971≈$4,248
May 2025Christie'sICONIC WINES FROM JOSEPH LAU PART III (sale 23980) · Hong Kong · lot 5212 × 75 cl≈$50,971≈$4,248
May 2025Christie'sICONIC WINES FROM JOSEPH LAU PART III (sale 23980) · Hong Kong · lot 5110 × 75 cl≈$35,043≈$3,504
Apr 2025Christie'sFine and Rare Wines Online: Hong Kong Edition (sale 23907) · Hong Kong · lot 426 × 75 cl≈$23,893≈$3,982
Feb 2025Christie'sFine and Rare Wines Online: LA Edition (sale 23748) · Los Angeles · lot 1124 × 75 cl$15,000$3,750
Dec 2024Christie'sFine and Rare Wines & Spirits Online, Featuring Ancient Cognac and Part II of The Historical Vintage Port from the Cellars of Raby Castle (sale 23900) · London · lot 4792 × 75 cl≈$6,284≈$3,142
Dec 2024Christie'sFinest and Rarest Wines & Spirits: Featuring A Superb Family Collection from North America (sale 23191) · Hong Kong · lot 716 × 75 cl≈$20,707≈$3,451
Oct 2024Christie'sA Life Well Lived: The Remarkable Cellar of Melina and Dr N.K. Yong (sale 23199) · Hong Kong · lot 51963 × 75 cl≈$8,761≈$2,920
Oct 2024Christie'sA Life Well Lived: The Remarkable Cellar of Melina and Dr N.K. Yong (sale 23199) · Hong Kong · lot 51956 × 75 cl≈$20,707≈$3,451
Jun 2024Christie'sFine and Rare Wines Online: Featuring The Landmark Cellar (sale 23089) · Los Angeles · lot 521 × 75 cl$3,500$3,500
Jun 2024Christie'sA Legacy Preserved: The Last Treasures of The Avery Collection (sale 23060) · London · lot 31412 × 75 cl≈$49,609≈$4,134
Apr 2024Christie'sFine and Rare Wines Online: Featuring a Superlative Collection of Grand Cru Burgundy (sale 23030) · London · lot 2311 × 75 cl≈$3,638≈$3,638
Apr 2024Christie'sFine and Rare Wines Online: Featuring a Superlative Collection of Grand Cru Burgundy (sale 23030) · London · lot 1951 × 150 cl≈$9,095≈$9,095
Apr 2024Christie'sFine and Rare Wines Online: Featuring Exceptional Madeira Collections (sale 23087) · Los Angeles · lot 1066 × 75 cl$21,250$3,542
Feb 2024Christie'sBordeaux Classics: The Masterpiece Collection (sale 23255) · Los Angeles · lot 2033 × 75 cl$11,875$3,958
Dec 2023Christie'sFine and Rare Wines & Spirits Online: Featuring Rarities from the Cellar of a British Writer (sale 23317) · Hong Kong · lot 3533 × 75 cl≈$10,353≈$3,451
Nov 2023Christie'sThe Dr A. Botenga Cellar: Six Decades of Collecting Part I (sale 22122) · Hong Kong · lot 54574 × 75 cl≈$14,336≈$3,584
Oct 2023Christie'sFine and Rare Wines Online: Featuring Two Superlative Collections (sale 22105) · Los Angeles · lot 1305 × 75 cl$17,500$3,500
Oct 2023Christie'sAn All-Encompassing Cellar: Online (sale 22115) · Hong Kong · lot 1591 × 75 cl≈$4,141≈$4,141
May 2023Christie'sFinest and Rarest Wines: Featuring Four Stunning Cellars & Library Vintages Direct From Château Léoville Poyferré (sale 22120) · Hong Kong · lot 529710 × 75 cl≈$38,228≈$3,823
Apr 2023Christie'sFinest and Rarest Wines & Spirits (sale 21934) · London · lot 1791 × 75 cl≈$4,299≈$4,299
Mar 2023Christie'sFine and Rare Wines & Spirits Online: Hong Kong Edition (sale 22112) · Hong Kong · lot 2633 × 75 cl≈$11,946≈$3,982
Dec 2022Christie'sFinest and Rarest Wines & Spirits: Featuring Exceptional Anniversary Offerings from Ridge Vineyards and Champagne Philipponnat (sale 21096) · London · lot 6653 × 75 cl≈$13,229≈$4,410
Nov 2022Christie'sICONIC WINES FROM JOSEPH LAU PART II (sale 22019) · Hong Kong · lot 50396 × 150 cl≈$55,750≈$9,292
Nov 2022Christie'sICONIC WINES FROM JOSEPH LAU PART II (sale 22019) · Hong Kong · lot 503812 × 75 cl≈$55,750≈$4,646
Nov 2022Christie'sICONIC WINES FROM JOSEPH LAU PART II (sale 22019) · Hong Kong · lot 503712 × 75 cl≈$50,971≈$4,248
Nov 2022Christie'sICONIC WINES FROM JOSEPH LAU PART II (sale 22019) · Hong Kong · lot 503612 × 75 cl≈$55,750≈$4,646
Nov 2022Christie'sICONIC WINES FROM JOSEPH LAU PART II (sale 22019) · Hong Kong · lot 503512 × 75 cl≈$55,750≈$4,646
Sep 2022Christie'sFine and Rare Wines Online: Hong Kong Edition (sale 21209) · Hong Kong · lot 2656 × 75 cl≈$27,078≈$4,513
May 2022Christie'sFine and Rare Wines & Spirits Online: The Geneva Edit (sale 20939) · Geneva · lot 4322 × 75 cl≈$12,037≈$6,018
May 2022Christie'sThe Ultimate Private Collection Featuring The Greatest Burgundies Part II (sale 21086) · Hong Kong · lot 679812 × 75 cl≈$55,750≈$4,646
May 2022Christie'sTHE VISIONARY'S SPECTACULAR CELLAR (sale 21212) · Hong Kong · lot 52216 × 75 cl≈$30,264≈$5,044
Apr 2022Christie'sFinest and Rarest Wines (sale 21493) · Hong Kong · lot 35912 × 75 cl≈$60,528≈$5,044
Apr 2022Christie'sFinest and Rarest Wines (sale 21493) · Hong Kong · lot 35812 × 75 cl≈$55,750≈$4,646
Apr 2022Christie'sICONIC WINES FROM JOSEPH LAU (sale 21211) · Hong Kong · lot 196 × 150 cl≈$79,642≈$13,274
Apr 2022Christie'sICONIC WINES FROM JOSEPH LAU (sale 21211) · Hong Kong · lot 1812 × 75 cl≈$87,606≈$7,301
Mar 2022Christie'sFinest & Rarest Wines Including a Collaboration with Grapes for Humanity Global Charity Foundation (sale 20967) · Los Angeles · lot 1201 × 150 cl$9,375$9,375
Nov 2021Christie'sFine and Rare Wines and Spirits (sale 20042) · Geneva · lot 3351 × 75 cl≈$7,372≈$7,372
Jun 2021Christie'sFinest and Rarest Wines and Spirits (sale 19857) · Hong Kong · lot 801 × 75 cl≈$3,823≈$3,823
May 2021Christie'sFine and Rare Wines (sale 20026) · Geneva · lot 1641 × 75 cl≈$4,129≈$4,129
 Harga dalam mata uang masing-masing penjualan. Christie's dan Sotheby's sudah termasuk biaya pembeli; Hart Davis Hart menampilkan harga sebelum biaya tersebut.

Filter dan telusuri

Berapa biaya pembuatan anggur ini?Estimasi kami: $29–$101 sebotol

Kami perkirakan biaya membuat satu botol wine seperti ini sekitar $29 hingga $101. Harga di toko jauh lebih tinggi karena lahannya langka, namanya terkenal, dan banyak pihak mengambil bagian sebelum sampai ke tangan Anda.

Low estimateImputed land cost: $9.11Vineyard operations: $3.87Oak barrels: $0.50Winemaking labour and cellar work: $3.00Cellar aging: $1.12Bottle, closure, label, case and bottling: $4.90Winery overhead: $5.00Financing over the aging period: $1.54$29 per bottleHigh estimateImputed land cost: $43.88Vineyard operations: $10.24Oak barrels: $1.61Winemaking labour and cellar work: $6.00Cellar aging: $2.72Bottle, closure, label, case and bottling: $13.40Winery overhead: $12.00Financing over the aging period: $10.69$101 per bottleImputed land costVineyard operationsOak barrelsWinemaking labour and cellar workCellar agingBottle, closure, label, case and bottlingWinery overheadFinancing over the aging periodUS$ per 75 cl bottle at the winery, before any margin, tax or transport · Corkonomics cost model

Lihat rincian lengkapnya

Terakhir ditinjau: September 2026Laporkan kesalahan pada halaman ini