CorkonomicsThe economics of wine production, collection, and vineyards
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Vineyard land · Pauillac≈$2,798,250 a hectare▼ down 17% on 20232024Opening price · Château Lafite Rothschild 2025≈$376 a bottle▲ up 17% on the year beforeSold at auction · Romanée-Conti Grand Cru, DRC 2019$22,917 a bottleSotheby's, Sep 2026Cost to make one bottle · Burgundy grand cru (Pinot Noir)$48–283US duty on wine from · Canada+50%since Aug 2026Everyday bottle in a US shop$13.77 a litre▼ down 1.3% in a yearSep 2026Vineyard land · Margaux≈$1,567,020 a hectare▼ down 7% on 20232024Opening price · Château Cheval Blanc 2025≈$376 a bottle▲ up 22% on the year beforeSold at auction · La Tâche Grand Cru, DRC 2018$5,417 a bottleSotheby's, Sep 2026Cost to make one bottle · Champagne prestige cuvée$26–89US duty on wine from · Australia+12.5%since Jul 2026Vineyard land · Côte-Rôtie≈$1,511,055 a hectare▲ up 8% on 20232024Opening price · Château Mouton Rothschild 2025≈$336 a bottle▲ up 19% on the year beforeSold at auction · Richebourg Grand Cru, DRC 2012$3,542 a bottleSotheby's, Sep 2026Cost to make one bottle · Bordeaux classified growth (2nd–5th)$17–61US duty on wine from · New Zealand+12.5%since Jul 2026Vineyard land · Côte de Nuits grand cru≈$7,275,450 a hectare2019Opening price · Château Palmer 2025≈$268 a bottle▼ down 19% on the year beforeVineyard land · Pomerol≈$2,238,600 a hectare2023
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Piedmont vs Bordeaux — vineyard economics

Vineyard economics of Piedmont and Bordeaux side by side: land, grapes, yields, labour, barrels and modeled cost per bottle.

First place
Second place
PiedmontBordeaux
Vineyard land, Barolo DOCG average
Land		 500,000–1,200,000 EUR/ha
2024 · Trade reporting on Langhe land prices 		—
Vineyard land, Barolo top crus (Cannubi, Rocche dell'Annunziata…)
Land		 1,000,000–2,500,000 EUR/ha
2024 · Trade reporting on Langhe land prices 		—
Vineyard land, Margaux
Land		 — 900,000–2,000,000 EUR/ha
2024 · SAFER 2024
Vineyard land, Pauillac
Land		 — 1,700,000–4,000,000 EUR/ha
2024 · SAFER 2024
Vineyard land, Pomerol
Land		 — 1,500,000–3,000,000 EUR/ha
2023 · SAFER
Vineyard land, Saint-Émilion
Land		 — 150,000–2,500,000 EUR/ha
2024 · SAFER 2024
Vineyard land, generic Bordeaux AOC
Land		 — 4,000–14,000 EUR/ha
2024 · SAFER 2024
Bulk red Bordeaux AOC, per tonneau of 900 litres
Grapes		 — 793–1,000 EUR/tonneau
2025 · CIVB bulk-wine prices for the 2025–26 …
Nebbiolo da Barolo grapes
Grapes		 4–6 EUR/kg
2024 · Camera di Commercio di Cuneo 		—
Yield at classified growths
Yields		 — 30–45 hl/ha
2024 · Estate technical sheets and appellatio…
Yield, Barolo DOCG
Yields		 40–56 hl/ha
2024 · Disciplinare: max 8 t/ha ≈ 56 hl/ha 		—
Hand harvest
Labour		 — 2,500–5,000 EUR/ha
2024 · Trade reporting on Médoc harvest labou…
Vineyard labour and operations, classified growth
Labour		 — 15,000–30,000 EUR/ha/year
2024 · Estate interviews and CIVB cost survey…
New French oak barrique (225 l)
Barrels		 — 800–1,300 EUR/barrel
2025 · Cooperage price lists and trade report…
Barrel aging before bottling
Cellar aging		 — 16–22 months
2024 · Estate technical sheets
Minimum aging, Barolo / riserva
Cellar aging		 38–62 months
2024 · DOCG disciplinare 		—
Bottle, cork, capsule, label, case
Bottle, closure, label, case		 — 3–8 EUR/bottle
2025 · Supplier price lists
Importer + retailer margin
Distribution margins		 — 25–60 % on cost
2024 · Merchant price lists vs release prices
Négociant margin on the Place de Bordeaux
Distribution margins		 — 10–20 % of ex-château price
2024 · Trade reporting on the Place de Bordea…
Estimated cost to make one bottleBarolo single-cru: $21–$82
Bordeaux classified growth (2nd–5th): $17–$61
Bordeaux first growth: $28–$95
Pomerol micro-estate (Merlot): $29–$101